Vygotsky s Socio Cultural Theory - 867 Words

The Early Years Learning Framework describes play as a â€Å"context for learning† in which children make sense of their world (DEEWR, 2009, p.9). Play is essential for learning and development as it provides opportunities for children to express themselves creatively, construct new understandings, and develop relationships (Undiyaundeye, 2013). Play supports the student’s developmental domains such as; social, language, and creativity, cognitive, emotional and physical development. The National Quality Framework acknowledges the educator’s role as facilitator, in which they respond to student’s ideas, play and use intentional teaching to extend and scaffold each student learning (ACECQA, 2013, p. 40). Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory describes learning as a social activity, in which the child’s social and cognitive understanding is constructed through social interaction (Duchesne et al., 2013; Arthur et al., 2015). He believes that play occ urs in a socio-cultural context and provides ‘Zone of Proximal’ development for a student in which they can behave beyond their age and act in ways that are not typical of their daily behavior. The educator at pre-primary structured the classroom to support and encourage interaction, for instance, the home corner, which consisted of multiple dining chairs and a range of resources for dramatic play. The pre-primary teacher took on the role as onlooker and mediator during the children’s play, interrupting their play to manage behavior issues,Show MoreRelatedSocio-cultural Assessment1369 Words   |  5 PagesSocio-cultural assessment is realising and understanding the way a child responds to challenges and change. Their responses and perceptions are based on the world in which they live. Their understanding of the world comes from the values and beliefs of the adults, community, socio-economic status, education and culture that surround them. (Mooney, 2000). When making an assessment on an individual child it is necessary to consider the background and culture in which they exist. Berger (2005), statesRead MoreEssay on Lev Vygotsky and Social Development Theory1038 Words   |  5 PagesExplain Lev Vygotsky(1896-1934) was a Russian psychologist who created the Social Development Theory/ Sociocultural Theory. Vygotsky believed that childrens mental, language, and social development is supported and enhanced through social interaction. Vygotsky also believed that beginning at birth, children seek out adults for social interactions and that development occurs through these interactions. The belief that social development sets a precedent for development(appeals to the nurture sideRead MoreA Comparative Analysis Of Theories Of Vygotsky And Piaget1446 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper is a comparative analysis of the theories of Vygotsky and Piaget with emphasis on how the role of cultural context in child development is present in each of the theories. An in depth examination of each theory will be completed so as to give a clear understanding of the theories. The paper will also focus on the similarities and differences of the theories. Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) was a developmental psychologist who introduced the theory of cognitive development in children. PiagetRead MoreThe Increase Of Globalisation Over The Years Has Made Our World Increasingly Interconnected1195 Words   |  5 PagesANALYSIS-VYGOTSKY THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS THERE IS A LOT OF WORK/LITERATURE IN REGARDS TO SOCIAL LEARNING. Vygotsky s theory put particular emphasis on the position social and cooperative interactive has on the development an success of a child s learning. He argued that the community possess a crucial role for cognition where there is a need to work on a social level. This emphasis leads to his fundamental concept of Zone Proximal Development (ZPD), which he described as the child s â€Å"actualRead MoreGeneral Theorists And The General Theories Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesgive an overview of their theories. It will discuss two critical points and explain how these points relate to the chosen theories. It will also relate to the theorists beliefs to the role as a nanny and provide examples of how the theories apply to the development of infants, toddlers, young children and their families. This essay will briefly outline the differences between the Maori theorist and compare the general theorists and include two exampl es of how these theories relate to Te Whariki. Read MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Internalisation1709 Words   |  7 Pages Vygotsky also introduced his theory of internalisation, one of the main concepts that differentiated from that of Jean Piaget (Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A. 2016. P.103). The theory of internalisation put forward by Vygotsky is an idea that suggests an individual is able to observe and internalise the ideas and processes of their surroundings as they partake in social interaction defined as, â€Å"new ways of thinking† (Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A.,2016p.103). During social interaction the individualsRead MoreDevelopment Of A Child s Social And Emotional Development1377 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopmental theories and how they have impacted modern day society in understanding the development of a child’s social and emotional development. Development is the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan (Santrock, 2008, p.5) Emotional development is the development of a child’s expression, understanding, and how they regulate their emot ions from birth through late adolescence. Piaget is one of the first people to look at developmental theory and throughRead MoreSocial And Cultural Factors Have A Significant Influence1680 Words   |  7 Pages Social and cultural factors have a significant influence on the way a child interprets and views language. Language is a form of behaviour, a series of cultural and social practices that should be seen as appropriate (or not appropriate) for a given context (Green 2006). We could describe language as a set of conventions or rules that have been developed over time to provide communication and speech between one another. Not only is language important to society but specifically to education andRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe scenario relates to both Piaget and Vygotskian theories in the sense that they describe how the child s mind develops through different forms of stimuli that occur during early childhood. Piaget s theory focuses mainly on things such as; how children think; how the world around them is perceived and how the newly found information is explained through the language they use. Vygotsky s theory however differs as the e ffects of different forms of social interaction occur in cognitive developmentRead MorePiaget Vs Vygotsky : Piaget And Vygotsky1314 Words   |  6 PagesCompare Two Famous Educators: Piaget vs. Vygotsky Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are often considered the most influential cognitive development and learning psychologists of the 20th century. Their research efforts have inspired numerous interpretations and spawned new outlets of approaching developmental psychology. The following paragraphs will analyze the theories of Piaget of Vygotsky and discuss how their research can be used to advance the use of cognitive development in learning, both traditional

Grief Group Offers Support And Relief For Troubled Students

Campus-News Exclusive Grief Group Offers Support and Relief to Troubled Students By Lindsey Nelson Upon meeting Jason, anyone would believe he is the epitome of the all American male. He received a scholarship into his college of choice, plays quarterback for the football team, and made the Dean’s List during the first semester. Anyone would believe that Jason really does have it all together. However, just a year earlier, Jason’s father passed away from colon cancer. As a result, Jason has been drinking, and occasionally engaging in drug use. Before coming to Grief Group, Jason may have headed down a more destructive and dangerous path. Therapists and co-facilitators are here to help those in the group, like Jason, open up about their grief, and work through their pain and challenges. This setting allows others to feel safe while sharing while enabling the group to set the pace of the meeting. What is Adolescence Adolescence has been defined between the ages of 15-24 years. This may be due to the idea that this age group is in the physically healthiest peak before declination occurs. The range of adolescence occurs between high school and college years. Adolescents and Therapy The majority of adolescents see one-on-one therapy as a form of saying, â€Å"something is wrong with you.† For some, they don’t want to be judged by a stranger who doesn’t understand what they are going through. And for others, they may find it boring and a waste of time. The group settingShow MoreRelatedLesson Plan10685 Words   |  43 PagesReport on Student Teaching In- Campus Practicum Off- Campus Practicum Presented to the BSED Intern Supervisor Of Holy Child College of Davao Mrs. Miriam Capilitan In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement Professional Education 10 (Practice Teaching) Presented by: Ms. Rogelyn P. Goboy BSED- IV March 02, 2013 Second Semester SY: 2012- 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dedication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Philosophy of Education†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Student TeachersRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pageswith our present demands, said Nityanand Jayaram, environmental activist and writer. In a statement issued on Monday, four organisations, Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Stationery Karmachari Sangh, Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Purush Sangharsh Morcha, Bhopal Group for Information and Action, and Bhopal ki Awaaz cited a 2001 study published by the Madhya Pradesh government s Centre for Rehabilitation Studies that has attributed at least 350 deaths annually to gas-related ailments. Hindu / Delhi 11/04/06 yearRead MoreEssay about The Results of Children in Fatherless Homes16087 Words   |  65 Pagessingle parents, not criticize them. Typical is the view expressed by a Brooklyn woman in a recent letter to the New York Times: Lets stop moralizing or blaming single parents and unwed mothers, and give them the respect they have earned and the support they deserve. Such views are not to be dismissed. Indeed, they help to explain why family structure is such an explosive issue for Americans. The debate about it is not simply about the social-scientific evidence, although that is surely an importantRead MoreAsk the Dust by John Fante13686 Words   |  55 PagesLiterature Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources. (c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, IncRead MorePsychology Workbook Essay22836 Words   |  92 Pageseach students name on his class roll at each class meeting. He recorded students exam scores on his roll sheet as well. ___1__ Dr. Lopez hypothesized that students who consistently attend class get higher grades than those who are absent more often. ____6_ Dr. Lopez published the results of his study in the Journal of Community College Teaching. ___4__ Dr. Lopez calculated the correlation between his students rates of absence and their exam scores and found that the two variables wereRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSolving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating Others 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III GROUP SKILLS 438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive Change 533 PART IV SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS 590 591 Supplement A Making Oral and Written Presentations Supplement B ConductingRead MoreJob Stress and Its Impact on Employee Performance18500 Words   |  74 Pagesprevention strategy. The ability to tolerate stress depends on many factors, including the quality of relationships, ones general outlook on life, emotional intelligence, and genetics. Factors that influence the stress tolerance level are; †¢ Support network: A strong network of supportive friends and family members is an enormous buffer against life’s stressors. On the flip side, the more lonely and isolated one is, the greater is the vulnerability to stress. †¢ Sense of control: If one hasRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System Read MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagespublisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears

Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials System

Question: Discuss about the Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials System. Answer: Introduction: In order to decide the issue that is present in this case, it has to be considered if the minority shareholders of Waldmart can have an impact on the way in which the affairs of the company are managed by its management. Similarly, it also needs to be considered if the board of the company is required to keep in mind, the interests of the shareholders of the company as a whole and not only the majority shareholders. Is it important for the directors of the company to take care of the statutory duties that have been imposed on the directors or if it can be said that there has been a breach of these duties, and at the same time, the directors have been involved in conduct that can be termed as oppressive. Section 254 A of the Corporations Act provides for the power of the company to issue bonus, partly-paid, preference and redeemable preference shares. The issue in this cases is if the shareholders of Waldmart Ltd , including Better Super Ltd that has 4% shares in Waldmart Ltd can compel the board of the company not to issue the shares. It has been seen in such cases that the minority shareholders of do not have much power to influence the management of the company. As a result, sometimes the interests of the minority shareholders are ignored by the management of the company. However there are several ways provided by the law in which a minority shareholder can protect its interests. For example, the minority shareholders can bring an unfair prejudice claim. Or they can pursue a derivative action or the minority shareholders may seek a winding up petition. Under Section 232, Corporations Act, 2001, far-reaching remedies have been provided to the oppressed shareholders who are in minority. In view of these remedies, it is important that the directors of the company should use their powers and manage the affairs of the company keepin g in view the interest of all the shareholders. It is also natural that the majority may expect or require that the company should be managed to their advantage, even if doing so provides to be detrimental for the other shareholders of the company. Similarly, it is also true that generally the minority shareholders have very little or no ability at all to influence the way in which the affairs of the company are being conducted. However, despite this position, it is necessary that the directors of the company should act fairly between all the shareholders of the company.[3] Similarly, the directors are required to make sure that the decisions taken by them are capable of promoting the interests of the company as a whole and the shareholders generally and not only the majority shareholders of the corporation. On the other hand, the directors who fail to fulfill this responsibility is the risk of being held liable for the breach of statutory duties (Section 181 Corporations Act), thes e directors can also be involved in oppressive conduct. In such a case, extensive remedies may be available that can have considerable impact on the corporations and its shareholders. In this context, minority oppression can be described as the term that is used for describing the conduct falling within the purview of section 232, Corporations Act, 2001. In this section, it has been mentioned that wide-ranging powers have been granted to the courts to the shareholders in case it has been established that the affairs of the company (together with any real or proposed resolution, act/omission) is either:- against the interests of the shareholders as a whole or such conduct is unfairly prejudicial to, oppressive to, or unfairly discriminating against a shareholder, whether in such capacity or some other capacity.[6] Hence, section 232 is aimed at the conduct due to which the minority shareholders of the corporation may suffer some commercial unfairness. It needs to be mentioned in this context that section 232 has been drafted widely. Consequently, no definite limits are being placed on what can be considered as offending conduct. In the same way, the offending condu ct can be the conduct of the corporation or the conduct of its directors or the shareholders. While dealing with such an issue, the courts will evaluate the conduct by applying an objective test.[7] This test is based on the fact, if the conduct can be considered as unfair by any reasonable commercial bystander. At the same time, it also needs to be mentioned that it is not enough if the shareholder has been discriminated against or prejudiced. Therefore it is also required that there should be an element of unfairness that extends beyond a mere disadvantage.[8] Similarly, although a wide range of circumstances are present where it can be said that the conduct mentioned in section 232 is present, but it may be difficult to prove, particularly when the decision has been made by the directors for a legitimate commercial purpose.[9] Therefore, even if the board of Waldmart enjoys the power to issue bonus shares, and even if the minority shareholders of the company cannot legally compel the board during the upcoming AGM not to issue the shares, the shareholders can use other remedies provided by the Corporation's Act, 2001. Can the shareholders stop the directors from increasing and paying the proposed dividend because it is commercially unwise to do so? The issue in this question is if the shareholders of Waldmart can prevent the directors of the company from increasing and paying the proposed dividend, because they believed that doing so will be commercially unwise. In this regard, the Corporations Act provides that a wide range of remedies are available to the minority shareholders if they have to face oppressive conduct at the hands of the majority. In practice, generally oppressive conduct takes place when the minority shareholders have to face unfairness/prejudice due to power abuse by the majority or regarding control of corporation. Hence, the actions taken in bad faith can be called oppressive.[10] At the same time, a conduct can be treated as oppressive, even if the conduct was lawful and undertaken in good faith, if you do such conduct, the minority shareholders have to face a disadvantage or a burden that is beyond what can be treated as commercially reasonable and fair. Hence, such a conduct may take place even if all th e members of the company have been equally treated, for instance, in case of raising capital, where all the members have been invited.[11] Some of the instances of the conduct that can be treated as unfairly prejudicial, oppressive or unfairly discriminatory include:- Issuing shares mainly with a view to dilute the voting rights of the minority; The non-payment of dividends to the shareholders or making excessive payments to the directors when such decisions cannot be justified objectively, keeping in view the circumstances of the company; Applying the funds of the company to provide a benefit to the interests of some of the shareholders, but not to the shareholders of the company as a whole; Persistent refusal to call the meeting of the company in order to prevent the participation of the minority shareholders; and excluding a director from representing a shareholder from the management of the corporation In most of the cases involving minority oppression, in which the parties reach the court, occurs in unlisted private companies as compared to the public companies. The reason behind this position can be that the dissatisfied shareholders coming from a listed company always have the option to sell their shares.[12] On the other hand, in case of the minority shareholders coming from a private company, generally there is no market or there is an illiquid market for such shareholders, except probably the oppressing majority shareholders.[13] It has also been seen that generally the minority oppression takes place in closely held quasi-partnership companies after there is a breakdown of the relationship existing between the directors and the shareholders.[14] Generally, the oppression takes place when one shareholder/director is frozen out of managing the corporation and/or the company conducts a capital raising or a share buyback which dilutes the equity of the minority. Similarly, the minority shareholders may fail to get any dividend or may not be able to sell their shares and their capital is blogging the company forever by the company is being managed for providing benefit to others. In such a case, the only option accessible to the minority members is to involve in legal action for extracting their capital.[15] It can be oppressive conduct even if the directors have fulfilled their statutory duties. Though, generally along with oppressive conduct, a breach of directors duties also takes place.[16] Particularly, there is a breach of the duties that have been imposed by sections 181 to 183, Corporations Act. Section 181 provides for the duty of the directors to act in the best interests of the corporation and also to refrain from exercising their powers for achieving an advantage for themselves or for some other person. In this regard, section 183 provides for the duty according to which the directors should not misuse the information. Such a misuse of the duty takes place when the directors have misuse such information for achieving an advantage for themselves or for some other person. In view of the statutory duty of the directors to use their powers in good faith, it is important that the directors should act in the best interests of the corporation as a whole, keeping in view the best int erests of all the shareholders of the company as a general body. However in practice, the shareholders may have different or competing interests. As a result, it may become difficult for the directors to satisfy everyone through their actions. While several decisions made by the board do not have much impact on the individual shareholders, there are certain actions, like raising capital or share buyback, that have a direct impact on the interests of the individual shareholders. If shareholders vote against the remuneration report and a second strike is achieved, what will be the consequence of Waldmart Ltd and its director? The Corporations Amendment (Improving Accountability on Director and Executive Remuneration) Act 2011 was implemented on 1 July, 2011. These included the changes that are made to the two strikes rule concerning the non-binding advisory report on adopting the remuneration report and limits placed on the capacity of key management (directors and sr. executives) to vote on the remuneration report and other resolutions related with such report. According to the amendment made to the Corporations Act, if 25% votes cast at an AGM of the company have opposed the acceptance of the remuneration report and observations were made by the shareholders and the AGM concerning such report, then in the next year, the board is required to mention in the annual report regarding any planned responses to such observations or to clarify why any response was not proposed.[17] Similarly, if 25% votes have been cast as two consecutive AGMs, then during the second AGM, the company is required to provide an op tion to the shareholders (more than 50% of the votes are cast in favor of a spill) requires that the entire board of the company, except the MD. In any of the directors appointed after the remuneration report was approved, should seek re-election at the next AGM of the company.[18] The law requires that such a meeting to take place within 90 days. In this way, the two strikes rule has been designed for holding the directors responsible for executive salaries and bonuses. As a result, the entire board of the company may have to face re-election if the shareholders of the company do not agree with how much is being paid to the executives of the company. On these grounds, if more than 50% of the shareholders of Waldmart has cast their vote against the remuneration report and a second site has been achieved, the law provides that the entire board of Waldmart Pty Ltd will have to seek re-election. Conclusion: in this assignment, it was found that the directors of Waldmart can be considered to be involved in oppressive conduct and as a result, the statutory remedies that are available to the minority shareholders can also be sought by the Better Super Ltd. and other minority shareholders. In the same way, the shareholders can prevent the directors of the company from paying the proposed dividend if such a conduct can be termed as oppressive. The law provides that if the shareholders of the company have voted against the remuneration report of the company and a second strike has been achieved, the directors of Waldmart will have to seek re-election. Bibliography Austin R.P. Ramsay, I., Ford's Principles of Corporations Law, Butterworths, Australia, 16th edition, 2014 Baxt, R., and Fletcher, K.L., Fridman, S., Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials on, Butterworths, Australia, 10th edition, 2008 Cassidy J., Corporations Law Text and Essential Cases. Federation Press, 4th edition Sydney 2013 Ciro T, Symes C, Corporations Law in Principle LBC Thomson Reuters, Sydney, 9th edition 2013 Fisher S, Anderson C, Dickfos, Corporations Law - Butterworths Tutorial Series, 4th Edition Butterworths, Sydney 2014 Hanrahan, P., Ramsay I., Stapledon G., Commercial Applications of Company Law. Oxford 18th edition 2017 Harris J, Butterworths Questions and Answers Corporations Law:, LexisNexis, 3rd Edition Sydney 2009 Harris, J. Hargovan, A. Adams, M., Australian Corporate Law LexisNexis Butterworths 5th edition, 2015 Li, G, Riley, S. Applied Corporate Law: A Bilingual Approach LexisNexis 1st Edition 2009 Parker, Clarke, Veljanovski, Posthouwer, Corporate Law, Palgrave 1st edition 2012 Redmond, P., Companies and Securities Law - Commentary and Materials, Law Book Co., Sydney, 5th, 2009 Tomasic, R. Bottomley,S. McQueen,R. Corporations Law in Australia, 2nd Edition Federation Press, Sydney 2002

Secondary education free essay sample

The researchers would like to acknowledge the following people who made this esearch a great possibility and success: a. To Almighty God, for blessing us with the necessary knowledge and capabilities to be able to accomplish this research; b. To our parents, who endlessly supported us throughout the endeavors of our research and provided us with all the financial needs; c. To our adviser, Ms. Joan E. Flores, for guiding us throughout the process of making our research; d. To Ms. Carolyn Quibas, for providing us all the necessary information about the preparation of the Guidance and Testing Center for K to 12; e. To Ms. Rizalina R. Benico, for enlightening us about the financial status of the university; f. To Ms. Jennifer D. Tucpi, for providing us information as well as clarifying some points regarding the planned programs of the university to counter the effect of the K to 12 program. DEDICATION This research paper is dedicated to the following: a. We will write a custom essay sample on Secondary education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page to the teachers of LPU-Manila, who will hopefully gain some useful information about the programs planned by the university to counter the effects of K to 12; b. to the students, who could take some interest about the programs of LPU-Manila; . to our families, for providing us all the necessary love and concern; without them, this research would not have been a success. d. to LPU-Manila, who should be recognized for all of its efforts to give its students the best quality of education e. to the parents, who could benefit in the planning and development programs of the school especially on the graduate program course. In which on that year, there is no expected or there is decreased entrance of freshmen students. The following years will be a domino effect wherein there will be no more freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors. In line with the decreased population of college students is also the decrease of tuition fees where the colleges and universities like the Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila depend on mainly for finance. In LPU-Manila, the freshmen population comprises a huge part of the enrollment or approximately 25% of the total population. The expected financial troubles could also result to the unemployment of some teachers especially for the general education subjects because of the absence of students to teach. There is also an expected change of curriculum for the additional 2 years would mean that the students have already taken up some subjects in the senior high school which would mean they would not already take it in college. The researchers then interviewed some important personnel of the school to gather information of how the school is planning their countermeasures against the K to 12 program. The researchers were able to interview the director of the guidance and testing center, the chief accountant for finance and the school registrar. The researchers were able to gather reliable information to be able to push through their research paper. The researchers conclude that LPU-Manila is indeed preparing for the effects of the K to 12 program and in fact, has started to implement some of the programs. Most of the programs are still on hold for they are still waiting for orders of the Department of Education for permission to teach some subjects in grades 11 and 12 and the curriculum for grades 11 and 12. On the point of view of the government, quality education is needed to make the citizens of the country productive and internationally competitive. With this belief, the government wants to improve the quality of education here in the Philippines by adding two more years to the former 10-years elementary and secondary education. The program is called the K to 12 program spearheaded by the Department of Education. According to deped. gov. ph, the official website of the DepEd, K to 12 means  Kindergarten  and the 12 years of  elementary  and  secondary education. The K to 12 program officially started on April 24, 2012 but according to the Department of Education, K to 12 is not new because the proposal to expand the basic education dates back to 1925. However, it started to get real at the 20th century. The model that is currently being proposed by DepEd is the  K-6-4-2 Model. This model involves Kindergarten, six years of elementary education, four years of junior high school (Grades 7 to 10) and two years of  senior high school  (Grades 11 to 12). The two years of senior high school intend to provide time for students to consolidate acquired academic skills and competencies. Furthermore, in this K 6-4-2 model, it featuresâ€Å"those who go through the 12 years cycle will get an elementary diploma (6 years), a junior high school diploma (4 years), and a senior high school diploma (2 years); a full 12 years of basic education will eventually be required for entry into tertiary level education (entering freshmen by SY 2018-2019 or seven years from now). † Accordingly, an open and consultative process will be adopted in the development and implementation of K to 12. Change is two-fold: (a) curriculum enhancement and (b) transition management. The site further explained the additional two years or the senior high school which is composed of two years of in-depth specialization for students depending on the occupation/career track they wish to pursue; and skills and competencies relevant to the job market. The 2 years of senior HS intend to provide time for students to consolidate acquired academic skills and competencies. The curriculum will allow specializations in Science and Technology, Music and Arts, Agriculture and Fisheries, Sports, Business and Entrepreneurship. According to the site, the need to add two more years is necessarily to adhere to global standards as the Philippines is the only remaining country in Asia with a 10-year educational program. It is also a way to decongest the curriculum; enhance the basic education curriculum and to provide better quality education for all. Besides, â€Å"studies in the Philippines have shown that an additional year of schooling increases earnings by 7. 5%. Studies validate that improvements in the  quality of education  will increase GDP growth by 2% to 2. %. There will also be a minus 2 instead of plus 2 for those families who cannot afford a college education but still wish to have their children find a good paying job. Right now, parents spend for at least 4 years of college to have an employable child. In the model, parents will not pay for 2 years of basic education that will give them an employable child. In effect, we are saving parents 2 years of expenses. The plan is not â€Å"Plus 2 years before graduation† but â€Å"Minus 2 years before work. To inspire a shift in attitude that completion of high school education is more than just preparation for college but can be sufficient for a gainful employment or career. † According to President Benigno S. Aquino, â€Å"We need to add two years to our basic education. Those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding. According to Francisco III and Cagalingan (2012) â€Å"upon finishing the said program, students can now choose whether they want to work immediately or pursue further studies in college. Because they are well-armed with the required competencies needed for work, they can be considered mature enough to face the demands of work compared to younger graduates. † However, not all are in favor of the K+12 Education. There are students compla ining of the additional years and there are parents who are not in favor of the additional expenses. But indeed, it is an undeniable fact that additional years in the education system will really require more budgets not just from the government but from the parents as well. Aside from this, students will need additional classrooms, school supplies and facilities. The program would need more qualified teachers as well (Maureen, 2012). According to Hall (2012), â€Å"like everything else in the Philippines, planning is not taken seriously. There is no transparency of information about what is going on to aid planning. It is amazing to me that this K-12 will start in June, yet no law has been passed (our politicians are too busy with the impeachment trial of the Supreme Court chief justice) nor is the department of education ready to divine how this feat could be carried out. There is that sense of pakiramdam (feeling through), with the expectation that no policy is set even if backed by the current president because after all, he will be gone from office in four years. And so, the system will muddle through. This is obviously not a good time for any college administrator. † While many have touted on its impact to the basic education curriculum, to the economy, and to our bid in synchronizing our educational system to world standards, rare is the discussion on its impact to tertiary education (Rodrigo, 2011). Private colleges and universities which are sustained almost purely by tuition fees will be in peril unless they make similar adjustments when the pool of incoming college students dries up in four years. Or they could seek government subsidies to accommodate public school students in grades 11 and 12 while the DepEd builds new classrooms (Fernandez amp; Rosero, 2012). Private  colleges and universities  will be financially challenged to maintain their operation and compensate their teaching staff with the expected decrease of enrollees starting 2017. Administrators of  private schools  offering tertiary education, including those under the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), said they are bracing for the expected drop in freshman admissions as a result of the implementation of Kindergarten to 12 (K to 12) basic education program this  school year (YouthPinoy, 2012). Apparently, private higher education institutions are oblivious of what to do, because the Commission on Higher Education has not laid its plans yet or provided the HEIs an outline of the college education curriculum (Rodrigo, 2011). 1. 2 Statement of the Purpose of the Study The general purpose of the study is to determine the planning and development strategies of LPU-Manila to counter the effects of the K to 12 program. This study has the following purposes: A. to identify the planning and development programs of LPU-Manila to the effects of the K to 12 program B. o know the awareness of the university of the effects of the K to 12 program; C. to know how prepared the university is in the possible changes; and D. to have knowledge about the countermeasures the university is planning to implement. 1. 3 Significance of the Study Lyceum of the Philippines University administration. This research may provide the administration information about the effects of the K to 12 education pro gram of the DepEd to the university. The researchers may give them a forewarning of the upcoming effects of K to 12 that they may make preparations as early as possible to counter these effects. In addition, the university will be able to adapt quickly to the changes and will not be surprised with the sudden changes. Parents. This research will give parents information about the changes in the university management and curriculum so they will also be prepared. The need for them to be informed is also crucial so they could support the administration and the students in implementing the countermeasures promulgated by the school. Students. They could easily adapt to the changes brought about by the effects of K to 12 education program. They also need to be informed about the effects of K to 12 education program so they, in turn, could adjust to the specific changes in the university. Their cooperation is also needed to make the countermeasures planned be a success. Teachers. They may be cognizant of the effects of K to 12 to the university and will get ready for the possible changes in the demand for teachers in specific subjects. 1. 4 Scope and Limitation The study focused on the countermeasures of the Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila in preparation for the effects of the K to 12 program. This study aims to find out the planning and development of programs of the school to undertake the effects of the K to 12. The researchers will conduct interviews with the members of the Lyceum of the Philippines administration to get their thoughts and ideas of the programs to counter the effects of the K to 12 education and how prepared they are. The researchers will also rely on other research made to other universities because the effects in that university could also happen to the Lyceum of the Philippines University. The researchers conducted the study on the first semester, academic year 2011-2012. They hoped to give effectual information to the university to help them prepare for the changes brought by K to 12 to the university by 2016. 1. 5 Definition of Terms K-12 program. Kindergarten and the 12 years of elementary and secondary education. Kindergarten points to the 5-year old child who undertakes the standardized curriculum for preschoolers. Elementary education refers to 6 years of primary school (Grades 1-6) while secondary education means four years of junior high school (Grades 7-10 or HS Year 1-4). In addition to this, two years are now allotted for senior high school (Grades 11-12 or HS Year 5-6) (K to 12 Deped Primer (2011). Diploma. is a document certifying the successful completion of a course of study Collins (2009). Enhancement. is a process of augmentation or improvement Campbell and Rozsnyai (2002). Kindergarten. is a school for young children, conducted on the theory that education should be begun by gratifying and cultivating the normal aptitude for exercise, play, observation, imitation, and construction Collins and Harper (2001). Primary education. s most often referred to as elementary school, which is usually composed of grades one through six. The main purpose of primary education is to give children a strong foundation in the basics of a general curriculum, with an emphasis on reading and math http://www. ehow. com/about_5076822_definition-primary-education. html (2010). Secondary education. also known as high school, is the stage of education following primary (or elementary) education, and is the last part of formal compulsory education