Vygotsky s Socio Cultural Theory - 867 Words

The Early Years Learning Framework describes play as a â€Å"context for learning† in which children make sense of their world (DEEWR, 2009, p.9). Play is essential for learning and development as it provides opportunities for children to express themselves creatively, construct new understandings, and develop relationships (Undiyaundeye, 2013). Play supports the student’s developmental domains such as; social, language, and creativity, cognitive, emotional and physical development. The National Quality Framework acknowledges the educator’s role as facilitator, in which they respond to student’s ideas, play and use intentional teaching to extend and scaffold each student learning (ACECQA, 2013, p. 40). Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory describes learning as a social activity, in which the child’s social and cognitive understanding is constructed through social interaction (Duchesne et al., 2013; Arthur et al., 2015). He believes that play occ urs in a socio-cultural context and provides ‘Zone of Proximal’ development for a student in which they can behave beyond their age and act in ways that are not typical of their daily behavior. The educator at pre-primary structured the classroom to support and encourage interaction, for instance, the home corner, which consisted of multiple dining chairs and a range of resources for dramatic play. The pre-primary teacher took on the role as onlooker and mediator during the children’s play, interrupting their play to manage behavior issues,Show MoreRelatedSocio-cultural Assessment1369 Words   |  5 PagesSocio-cultural assessment is realising and understanding the way a child responds to challenges and change. Their responses and perceptions are based on the world in which they live. Their understanding of the world comes from the values and beliefs of the adults, community, socio-economic status, education and culture that surround them. (Mooney, 2000). When making an assessment on an individual child it is necessary to consider the background and culture in which they exist. Berger (2005), statesRead MoreEssay on Lev Vygotsky and Social Development Theory1038 Words   |  5 PagesExplain Lev Vygotsky(1896-1934) was a Russian psychologist who created the Social Development Theory/ Sociocultural Theory. Vygotsky believed that childrens mental, language, and social development is supported and enhanced through social interaction. Vygotsky also believed that beginning at birth, children seek out adults for social interactions and that development occurs through these interactions. The belief that social development sets a precedent for development(appeals to the nurture sideRead MoreA Comparative Analysis Of Theories Of Vygotsky And Piaget1446 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper is a comparative analysis of the theories of Vygotsky and Piaget with emphasis on how the role of cultural context in child development is present in each of the theories. An in depth examination of each theory will be completed so as to give a clear understanding of the theories. The paper will also focus on the similarities and differences of the theories. Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) was a developmental psychologist who introduced the theory of cognitive development in children. PiagetRead MoreThe Increase Of Globalisation Over The Years Has Made Our World Increasingly Interconnected1195 Words   |  5 PagesANALYSIS-VYGOTSKY THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS THERE IS A LOT OF WORK/LITERATURE IN REGARDS TO SOCIAL LEARNING. Vygotsky s theory put particular emphasis on the position social and cooperative interactive has on the development an success of a child s learning. He argued that the community possess a crucial role for cognition where there is a need to work on a social level. This emphasis leads to his fundamental concept of Zone Proximal Development (ZPD), which he described as the child s â€Å"actualRead MoreGeneral Theorists And The General Theories Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesgive an overview of their theories. It will discuss two critical points and explain how these points relate to the chosen theories. It will also relate to the theorists beliefs to the role as a nanny and provide examples of how the theories apply to the development of infants, toddlers, young children and their families. This essay will briefly outline the differences between the Maori theorist and compare the general theorists and include two exampl es of how these theories relate to Te Whariki. Read MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Internalisation1709 Words   |  7 Pages Vygotsky also introduced his theory of internalisation, one of the main concepts that differentiated from that of Jean Piaget (Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A. 2016. P.103). The theory of internalisation put forward by Vygotsky is an idea that suggests an individual is able to observe and internalise the ideas and processes of their surroundings as they partake in social interaction defined as, â€Å"new ways of thinking† (Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A.,2016p.103). During social interaction the individualsRead MoreDevelopment Of A Child s Social And Emotional Development1377 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopmental theories and how they have impacted modern day society in understanding the development of a child’s social and emotional development. Development is the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan (Santrock, 2008, p.5) Emotional development is the development of a child’s expression, understanding, and how they regulate their emot ions from birth through late adolescence. Piaget is one of the first people to look at developmental theory and throughRead MoreSocial And Cultural Factors Have A Significant Influence1680 Words   |  7 Pages Social and cultural factors have a significant influence on the way a child interprets and views language. Language is a form of behaviour, a series of cultural and social practices that should be seen as appropriate (or not appropriate) for a given context (Green 2006). We could describe language as a set of conventions or rules that have been developed over time to provide communication and speech between one another. Not only is language important to society but specifically to education andRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe scenario relates to both Piaget and Vygotskian theories in the sense that they describe how the child s mind develops through different forms of stimuli that occur during early childhood. Piaget s theory focuses mainly on things such as; how children think; how the world around them is perceived and how the newly found information is explained through the language they use. Vygotsky s theory however differs as the e ffects of different forms of social interaction occur in cognitive developmentRead MorePiaget Vs Vygotsky : Piaget And Vygotsky1314 Words   |  6 PagesCompare Two Famous Educators: Piaget vs. Vygotsky Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are often considered the most influential cognitive development and learning psychologists of the 20th century. Their research efforts have inspired numerous interpretations and spawned new outlets of approaching developmental psychology. The following paragraphs will analyze the theories of Piaget of Vygotsky and discuss how their research can be used to advance the use of cognitive development in learning, both traditional

Grief Group Offers Support And Relief For Troubled Students

Campus-News Exclusive Grief Group Offers Support and Relief to Troubled Students By Lindsey Nelson Upon meeting Jason, anyone would believe he is the epitome of the all American male. He received a scholarship into his college of choice, plays quarterback for the football team, and made the Dean’s List during the first semester. Anyone would believe that Jason really does have it all together. However, just a year earlier, Jason’s father passed away from colon cancer. As a result, Jason has been drinking, and occasionally engaging in drug use. Before coming to Grief Group, Jason may have headed down a more destructive and dangerous path. Therapists and co-facilitators are here to help those in the group, like Jason, open up about their grief, and work through their pain and challenges. This setting allows others to feel safe while sharing while enabling the group to set the pace of the meeting. What is Adolescence Adolescence has been defined between the ages of 15-24 years. This may be due to the idea that this age group is in the physically healthiest peak before declination occurs. The range of adolescence occurs between high school and college years. Adolescents and Therapy The majority of adolescents see one-on-one therapy as a form of saying, â€Å"something is wrong with you.† For some, they don’t want to be judged by a stranger who doesn’t understand what they are going through. And for others, they may find it boring and a waste of time. The group settingShow MoreRelatedLesson Plan10685 Words   |  43 PagesReport on Student Teaching In- Campus Practicum Off- Campus Practicum Presented to the BSED Intern Supervisor Of Holy Child College of Davao Mrs. Miriam Capilitan In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement Professional Education 10 (Practice Teaching) Presented by: Ms. Rogelyn P. Goboy BSED- IV March 02, 2013 Second Semester SY: 2012- 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dedication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Philosophy of Education†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Student TeachersRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pageswith our present demands, said Nityanand Jayaram, environmental activist and writer. In a statement issued on Monday, four organisations, Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Stationery Karmachari Sangh, Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Purush Sangharsh Morcha, Bhopal Group for Information and Action, and Bhopal ki Awaaz cited a 2001 study published by the Madhya Pradesh government s Centre for Rehabilitation Studies that has attributed at least 350 deaths annually to gas-related ailments. Hindu / Delhi 11/04/06 yearRead MoreEssay about The Results of Children in Fatherless Homes16087 Words   |  65 Pagessingle parents, not criticize them. Typical is the view expressed by a Brooklyn woman in a recent letter to the New York Times: Lets stop moralizing or blaming single parents and unwed mothers, and give them the respect they have earned and the support they deserve. Such views are not to be dismissed. Indeed, they help to explain why family structure is such an explosive issue for Americans. The debate about it is not simply about the social-scientific evidence, although that is surely an importantRead MoreAsk the Dust by John Fante13686 Words   |  55 PagesLiterature Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources. (c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, IncRead MorePsychology Workbook Essay22836 Words   |  92 Pageseach students name on his class roll at each class meeting. He recorded students exam scores on his roll sheet as well. ___1__ Dr. Lopez hypothesized that students who consistently attend class get higher grades than those who are absent more often. ____6_ Dr. Lopez published the results of his study in the Journal of Community College Teaching. ___4__ Dr. Lopez calculated the correlation between his students rates of absence and their exam scores and found that the two variables wereRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSolving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating Others 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III GROUP SKILLS 438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive Change 533 PART IV SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS 590 591 Supplement A Making Oral and Written Presentations Supplement B ConductingRead MoreJob Stress and Its Impact on Employee Performance18500 Words   |  74 Pagesprevention strategy. The ability to tolerate stress depends on many factors, including the quality of relationships, ones general outlook on life, emotional intelligence, and genetics. Factors that influence the stress tolerance level are; †¢ Support network: A strong network of supportive friends and family members is an enormous buffer against life’s stressors. On the flip side, the more lonely and isolated one is, the greater is the vulnerability to stress. †¢ Sense of control: If one hasRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System Read MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagespublisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears

Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials System

Question: Discuss about the Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials System. Answer: Introduction: In order to decide the issue that is present in this case, it has to be considered if the minority shareholders of Waldmart can have an impact on the way in which the affairs of the company are managed by its management. Similarly, it also needs to be considered if the board of the company is required to keep in mind, the interests of the shareholders of the company as a whole and not only the majority shareholders. Is it important for the directors of the company to take care of the statutory duties that have been imposed on the directors or if it can be said that there has been a breach of these duties, and at the same time, the directors have been involved in conduct that can be termed as oppressive. Section 254 A of the Corporations Act provides for the power of the company to issue bonus, partly-paid, preference and redeemable preference shares. The issue in this cases is if the shareholders of Waldmart Ltd , including Better Super Ltd that has 4% shares in Waldmart Ltd can compel the board of the company not to issue the shares. It has been seen in such cases that the minority shareholders of do not have much power to influence the management of the company. As a result, sometimes the interests of the minority shareholders are ignored by the management of the company. However there are several ways provided by the law in which a minority shareholder can protect its interests. For example, the minority shareholders can bring an unfair prejudice claim. Or they can pursue a derivative action or the minority shareholders may seek a winding up petition. Under Section 232, Corporations Act, 2001, far-reaching remedies have been provided to the oppressed shareholders who are in minority. In view of these remedies, it is important that the directors of the company should use their powers and manage the affairs of the company keepin g in view the interest of all the shareholders. It is also natural that the majority may expect or require that the company should be managed to their advantage, even if doing so provides to be detrimental for the other shareholders of the company. Similarly, it is also true that generally the minority shareholders have very little or no ability at all to influence the way in which the affairs of the company are being conducted. However, despite this position, it is necessary that the directors of the company should act fairly between all the shareholders of the company.[3] Similarly, the directors are required to make sure that the decisions taken by them are capable of promoting the interests of the company as a whole and the shareholders generally and not only the majority shareholders of the corporation. On the other hand, the directors who fail to fulfill this responsibility is the risk of being held liable for the breach of statutory duties (Section 181 Corporations Act), thes e directors can also be involved in oppressive conduct. In such a case, extensive remedies may be available that can have considerable impact on the corporations and its shareholders. In this context, minority oppression can be described as the term that is used for describing the conduct falling within the purview of section 232, Corporations Act, 2001. In this section, it has been mentioned that wide-ranging powers have been granted to the courts to the shareholders in case it has been established that the affairs of the company (together with any real or proposed resolution, act/omission) is either:- against the interests of the shareholders as a whole or such conduct is unfairly prejudicial to, oppressive to, or unfairly discriminating against a shareholder, whether in such capacity or some other capacity.[6] Hence, section 232 is aimed at the conduct due to which the minority shareholders of the corporation may suffer some commercial unfairness. It needs to be mentioned in this context that section 232 has been drafted widely. Consequently, no definite limits are being placed on what can be considered as offending conduct. In the same way, the offending condu ct can be the conduct of the corporation or the conduct of its directors or the shareholders. While dealing with such an issue, the courts will evaluate the conduct by applying an objective test.[7] This test is based on the fact, if the conduct can be considered as unfair by any reasonable commercial bystander. At the same time, it also needs to be mentioned that it is not enough if the shareholder has been discriminated against or prejudiced. Therefore it is also required that there should be an element of unfairness that extends beyond a mere disadvantage.[8] Similarly, although a wide range of circumstances are present where it can be said that the conduct mentioned in section 232 is present, but it may be difficult to prove, particularly when the decision has been made by the directors for a legitimate commercial purpose.[9] Therefore, even if the board of Waldmart enjoys the power to issue bonus shares, and even if the minority shareholders of the company cannot legally compel the board during the upcoming AGM not to issue the shares, the shareholders can use other remedies provided by the Corporation's Act, 2001. Can the shareholders stop the directors from increasing and paying the proposed dividend because it is commercially unwise to do so? The issue in this question is if the shareholders of Waldmart can prevent the directors of the company from increasing and paying the proposed dividend, because they believed that doing so will be commercially unwise. In this regard, the Corporations Act provides that a wide range of remedies are available to the minority shareholders if they have to face oppressive conduct at the hands of the majority. In practice, generally oppressive conduct takes place when the minority shareholders have to face unfairness/prejudice due to power abuse by the majority or regarding control of corporation. Hence, the actions taken in bad faith can be called oppressive.[10] At the same time, a conduct can be treated as oppressive, even if the conduct was lawful and undertaken in good faith, if you do such conduct, the minority shareholders have to face a disadvantage or a burden that is beyond what can be treated as commercially reasonable and fair. Hence, such a conduct may take place even if all th e members of the company have been equally treated, for instance, in case of raising capital, where all the members have been invited.[11] Some of the instances of the conduct that can be treated as unfairly prejudicial, oppressive or unfairly discriminatory include:- Issuing shares mainly with a view to dilute the voting rights of the minority; The non-payment of dividends to the shareholders or making excessive payments to the directors when such decisions cannot be justified objectively, keeping in view the circumstances of the company; Applying the funds of the company to provide a benefit to the interests of some of the shareholders, but not to the shareholders of the company as a whole; Persistent refusal to call the meeting of the company in order to prevent the participation of the minority shareholders; and excluding a director from representing a shareholder from the management of the corporation In most of the cases involving minority oppression, in which the parties reach the court, occurs in unlisted private companies as compared to the public companies. The reason behind this position can be that the dissatisfied shareholders coming from a listed company always have the option to sell their shares.[12] On the other hand, in case of the minority shareholders coming from a private company, generally there is no market or there is an illiquid market for such shareholders, except probably the oppressing majority shareholders.[13] It has also been seen that generally the minority oppression takes place in closely held quasi-partnership companies after there is a breakdown of the relationship existing between the directors and the shareholders.[14] Generally, the oppression takes place when one shareholder/director is frozen out of managing the corporation and/or the company conducts a capital raising or a share buyback which dilutes the equity of the minority. Similarly, the minority shareholders may fail to get any dividend or may not be able to sell their shares and their capital is blogging the company forever by the company is being managed for providing benefit to others. In such a case, the only option accessible to the minority members is to involve in legal action for extracting their capital.[15] It can be oppressive conduct even if the directors have fulfilled their statutory duties. Though, generally along with oppressive conduct, a breach of directors duties also takes place.[16] Particularly, there is a breach of the duties that have been imposed by sections 181 to 183, Corporations Act. Section 181 provides for the duty of the directors to act in the best interests of the corporation and also to refrain from exercising their powers for achieving an advantage for themselves or for some other person. In this regard, section 183 provides for the duty according to which the directors should not misuse the information. Such a misuse of the duty takes place when the directors have misuse such information for achieving an advantage for themselves or for some other person. In view of the statutory duty of the directors to use their powers in good faith, it is important that the directors should act in the best interests of the corporation as a whole, keeping in view the best int erests of all the shareholders of the company as a general body. However in practice, the shareholders may have different or competing interests. As a result, it may become difficult for the directors to satisfy everyone through their actions. While several decisions made by the board do not have much impact on the individual shareholders, there are certain actions, like raising capital or share buyback, that have a direct impact on the interests of the individual shareholders. If shareholders vote against the remuneration report and a second strike is achieved, what will be the consequence of Waldmart Ltd and its director? The Corporations Amendment (Improving Accountability on Director and Executive Remuneration) Act 2011 was implemented on 1 July, 2011. These included the changes that are made to the two strikes rule concerning the non-binding advisory report on adopting the remuneration report and limits placed on the capacity of key management (directors and sr. executives) to vote on the remuneration report and other resolutions related with such report. According to the amendment made to the Corporations Act, if 25% votes cast at an AGM of the company have opposed the acceptance of the remuneration report and observations were made by the shareholders and the AGM concerning such report, then in the next year, the board is required to mention in the annual report regarding any planned responses to such observations or to clarify why any response was not proposed.[17] Similarly, if 25% votes have been cast as two consecutive AGMs, then during the second AGM, the company is required to provide an op tion to the shareholders (more than 50% of the votes are cast in favor of a spill) requires that the entire board of the company, except the MD. In any of the directors appointed after the remuneration report was approved, should seek re-election at the next AGM of the company.[18] The law requires that such a meeting to take place within 90 days. In this way, the two strikes rule has been designed for holding the directors responsible for executive salaries and bonuses. As a result, the entire board of the company may have to face re-election if the shareholders of the company do not agree with how much is being paid to the executives of the company. On these grounds, if more than 50% of the shareholders of Waldmart has cast their vote against the remuneration report and a second site has been achieved, the law provides that the entire board of Waldmart Pty Ltd will have to seek re-election. Conclusion: in this assignment, it was found that the directors of Waldmart can be considered to be involved in oppressive conduct and as a result, the statutory remedies that are available to the minority shareholders can also be sought by the Better Super Ltd. and other minority shareholders. In the same way, the shareholders can prevent the directors of the company from paying the proposed dividend if such a conduct can be termed as oppressive. The law provides that if the shareholders of the company have voted against the remuneration report of the company and a second strike has been achieved, the directors of Waldmart will have to seek re-election. Bibliography Austin R.P. Ramsay, I., Ford's Principles of Corporations Law, Butterworths, Australia, 16th edition, 2014 Baxt, R., and Fletcher, K.L., Fridman, S., Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials on, Butterworths, Australia, 10th edition, 2008 Cassidy J., Corporations Law Text and Essential Cases. Federation Press, 4th edition Sydney 2013 Ciro T, Symes C, Corporations Law in Principle LBC Thomson Reuters, Sydney, 9th edition 2013 Fisher S, Anderson C, Dickfos, Corporations Law - Butterworths Tutorial Series, 4th Edition Butterworths, Sydney 2014 Hanrahan, P., Ramsay I., Stapledon G., Commercial Applications of Company Law. Oxford 18th edition 2017 Harris J, Butterworths Questions and Answers Corporations Law:, LexisNexis, 3rd Edition Sydney 2009 Harris, J. Hargovan, A. Adams, M., Australian Corporate Law LexisNexis Butterworths 5th edition, 2015 Li, G, Riley, S. Applied Corporate Law: A Bilingual Approach LexisNexis 1st Edition 2009 Parker, Clarke, Veljanovski, Posthouwer, Corporate Law, Palgrave 1st edition 2012 Redmond, P., Companies and Securities Law - Commentary and Materials, Law Book Co., Sydney, 5th, 2009 Tomasic, R. Bottomley,S. McQueen,R. Corporations Law in Australia, 2nd Edition Federation Press, Sydney 2002

Secondary education free essay sample

The researchers would like to acknowledge the following people who made this esearch a great possibility and success: a. To Almighty God, for blessing us with the necessary knowledge and capabilities to be able to accomplish this research; b. To our parents, who endlessly supported us throughout the endeavors of our research and provided us with all the financial needs; c. To our adviser, Ms. Joan E. Flores, for guiding us throughout the process of making our research; d. To Ms. Carolyn Quibas, for providing us all the necessary information about the preparation of the Guidance and Testing Center for K to 12; e. To Ms. Rizalina R. Benico, for enlightening us about the financial status of the university; f. To Ms. Jennifer D. Tucpi, for providing us information as well as clarifying some points regarding the planned programs of the university to counter the effect of the K to 12 program. DEDICATION This research paper is dedicated to the following: a. We will write a custom essay sample on Secondary education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page to the teachers of LPU-Manila, who will hopefully gain some useful information about the programs planned by the university to counter the effects of K to 12; b. to the students, who could take some interest about the programs of LPU-Manila; . to our families, for providing us all the necessary love and concern; without them, this research would not have been a success. d. to LPU-Manila, who should be recognized for all of its efforts to give its students the best quality of education e. to the parents, who could benefit in the planning and development programs of the school especially on the graduate program course. In which on that year, there is no expected or there is decreased entrance of freshmen students. The following years will be a domino effect wherein there will be no more freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors. In line with the decreased population of college students is also the decrease of tuition fees where the colleges and universities like the Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila depend on mainly for finance. In LPU-Manila, the freshmen population comprises a huge part of the enrollment or approximately 25% of the total population. The expected financial troubles could also result to the unemployment of some teachers especially for the general education subjects because of the absence of students to teach. There is also an expected change of curriculum for the additional 2 years would mean that the students have already taken up some subjects in the senior high school which would mean they would not already take it in college. The researchers then interviewed some important personnel of the school to gather information of how the school is planning their countermeasures against the K to 12 program. The researchers were able to interview the director of the guidance and testing center, the chief accountant for finance and the school registrar. The researchers were able to gather reliable information to be able to push through their research paper. The researchers conclude that LPU-Manila is indeed preparing for the effects of the K to 12 program and in fact, has started to implement some of the programs. Most of the programs are still on hold for they are still waiting for orders of the Department of Education for permission to teach some subjects in grades 11 and 12 and the curriculum for grades 11 and 12. On the point of view of the government, quality education is needed to make the citizens of the country productive and internationally competitive. With this belief, the government wants to improve the quality of education here in the Philippines by adding two more years to the former 10-years elementary and secondary education. The program is called the K to 12 program spearheaded by the Department of Education. According to deped. gov. ph, the official website of the DepEd, K to 12 means  Kindergarten  and the 12 years of  elementary  and  secondary education. The K to 12 program officially started on April 24, 2012 but according to the Department of Education, K to 12 is not new because the proposal to expand the basic education dates back to 1925. However, it started to get real at the 20th century. The model that is currently being proposed by DepEd is the  K-6-4-2 Model. This model involves Kindergarten, six years of elementary education, four years of junior high school (Grades 7 to 10) and two years of  senior high school  (Grades 11 to 12). The two years of senior high school intend to provide time for students to consolidate acquired academic skills and competencies. Furthermore, in this K 6-4-2 model, it featuresâ€Å"those who go through the 12 years cycle will get an elementary diploma (6 years), a junior high school diploma (4 years), and a senior high school diploma (2 years); a full 12 years of basic education will eventually be required for entry into tertiary level education (entering freshmen by SY 2018-2019 or seven years from now). † Accordingly, an open and consultative process will be adopted in the development and implementation of K to 12. Change is two-fold: (a) curriculum enhancement and (b) transition management. The site further explained the additional two years or the senior high school which is composed of two years of in-depth specialization for students depending on the occupation/career track they wish to pursue; and skills and competencies relevant to the job market. The 2 years of senior HS intend to provide time for students to consolidate acquired academic skills and competencies. The curriculum will allow specializations in Science and Technology, Music and Arts, Agriculture and Fisheries, Sports, Business and Entrepreneurship. According to the site, the need to add two more years is necessarily to adhere to global standards as the Philippines is the only remaining country in Asia with a 10-year educational program. It is also a way to decongest the curriculum; enhance the basic education curriculum and to provide better quality education for all. Besides, â€Å"studies in the Philippines have shown that an additional year of schooling increases earnings by 7. 5%. Studies validate that improvements in the  quality of education  will increase GDP growth by 2% to 2. %. There will also be a minus 2 instead of plus 2 for those families who cannot afford a college education but still wish to have their children find a good paying job. Right now, parents spend for at least 4 years of college to have an employable child. In the model, parents will not pay for 2 years of basic education that will give them an employable child. In effect, we are saving parents 2 years of expenses. The plan is not â€Å"Plus 2 years before graduation† but â€Å"Minus 2 years before work. To inspire a shift in attitude that completion of high school education is more than just preparation for college but can be sufficient for a gainful employment or career. † According to President Benigno S. Aquino, â€Å"We need to add two years to our basic education. Those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding. According to Francisco III and Cagalingan (2012) â€Å"upon finishing the said program, students can now choose whether they want to work immediately or pursue further studies in college. Because they are well-armed with the required competencies needed for work, they can be considered mature enough to face the demands of work compared to younger graduates. † However, not all are in favor of the K+12 Education. There are students compla ining of the additional years and there are parents who are not in favor of the additional expenses. But indeed, it is an undeniable fact that additional years in the education system will really require more budgets not just from the government but from the parents as well. Aside from this, students will need additional classrooms, school supplies and facilities. The program would need more qualified teachers as well (Maureen, 2012). According to Hall (2012), â€Å"like everything else in the Philippines, planning is not taken seriously. There is no transparency of information about what is going on to aid planning. It is amazing to me that this K-12 will start in June, yet no law has been passed (our politicians are too busy with the impeachment trial of the Supreme Court chief justice) nor is the department of education ready to divine how this feat could be carried out. There is that sense of pakiramdam (feeling through), with the expectation that no policy is set even if backed by the current president because after all, he will be gone from office in four years. And so, the system will muddle through. This is obviously not a good time for any college administrator. † While many have touted on its impact to the basic education curriculum, to the economy, and to our bid in synchronizing our educational system to world standards, rare is the discussion on its impact to tertiary education (Rodrigo, 2011). Private colleges and universities which are sustained almost purely by tuition fees will be in peril unless they make similar adjustments when the pool of incoming college students dries up in four years. Or they could seek government subsidies to accommodate public school students in grades 11 and 12 while the DepEd builds new classrooms (Fernandez amp; Rosero, 2012). Private  colleges and universities  will be financially challenged to maintain their operation and compensate their teaching staff with the expected decrease of enrollees starting 2017. Administrators of  private schools  offering tertiary education, including those under the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), said they are bracing for the expected drop in freshman admissions as a result of the implementation of Kindergarten to 12 (K to 12) basic education program this  school year (YouthPinoy, 2012). Apparently, private higher education institutions are oblivious of what to do, because the Commission on Higher Education has not laid its plans yet or provided the HEIs an outline of the college education curriculum (Rodrigo, 2011). 1. 2 Statement of the Purpose of the Study The general purpose of the study is to determine the planning and development strategies of LPU-Manila to counter the effects of the K to 12 program. This study has the following purposes: A. to identify the planning and development programs of LPU-Manila to the effects of the K to 12 program B. o know the awareness of the university of the effects of the K to 12 program; C. to know how prepared the university is in the possible changes; and D. to have knowledge about the countermeasures the university is planning to implement. 1. 3 Significance of the Study Lyceum of the Philippines University administration. This research may provide the administration information about the effects of the K to 12 education pro gram of the DepEd to the university. The researchers may give them a forewarning of the upcoming effects of K to 12 that they may make preparations as early as possible to counter these effects. In addition, the university will be able to adapt quickly to the changes and will not be surprised with the sudden changes. Parents. This research will give parents information about the changes in the university management and curriculum so they will also be prepared. The need for them to be informed is also crucial so they could support the administration and the students in implementing the countermeasures promulgated by the school. Students. They could easily adapt to the changes brought about by the effects of K to 12 education program. They also need to be informed about the effects of K to 12 education program so they, in turn, could adjust to the specific changes in the university. Their cooperation is also needed to make the countermeasures planned be a success. Teachers. They may be cognizant of the effects of K to 12 to the university and will get ready for the possible changes in the demand for teachers in specific subjects. 1. 4 Scope and Limitation The study focused on the countermeasures of the Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila in preparation for the effects of the K to 12 program. This study aims to find out the planning and development of programs of the school to undertake the effects of the K to 12. The researchers will conduct interviews with the members of the Lyceum of the Philippines administration to get their thoughts and ideas of the programs to counter the effects of the K to 12 education and how prepared they are. The researchers will also rely on other research made to other universities because the effects in that university could also happen to the Lyceum of the Philippines University. The researchers conducted the study on the first semester, academic year 2011-2012. They hoped to give effectual information to the university to help them prepare for the changes brought by K to 12 to the university by 2016. 1. 5 Definition of Terms K-12 program. Kindergarten and the 12 years of elementary and secondary education. Kindergarten points to the 5-year old child who undertakes the standardized curriculum for preschoolers. Elementary education refers to 6 years of primary school (Grades 1-6) while secondary education means four years of junior high school (Grades 7-10 or HS Year 1-4). In addition to this, two years are now allotted for senior high school (Grades 11-12 or HS Year 5-6) (K to 12 Deped Primer (2011). Diploma. is a document certifying the successful completion of a course of study Collins (2009). Enhancement. is a process of augmentation or improvement Campbell and Rozsnyai (2002). Kindergarten. is a school for young children, conducted on the theory that education should be begun by gratifying and cultivating the normal aptitude for exercise, play, observation, imitation, and construction Collins and Harper (2001). Primary education. s most often referred to as elementary school, which is usually composed of grades one through six. The main purpose of primary education is to give children a strong foundation in the basics of a general curriculum, with an emphasis on reading and math http://www. ehow. com/about_5076822_definition-primary-education. html (2010). Secondary education. also known as high school, is the stage of education following primary (or elementary) education, and is the last part of formal compulsory education

How the Cerebral Cortex Subserves Psychological Functions Is Well Understood Essay Example

How the Cerebral Cortex Subserves Psychological Functions Is Well Understood Essay Example How the Cerebral Cortex Subserves Psychological Functions Is Well Understood Essay How the Cerebral Cortex Subserves Psychological Functions Is Well Understood Essay Martin G. N. , Buskist W. (2004). Psychology. 2nd ed. Great Britain: Pearson Education. Fuster, J. M (1997b). The Prefrontal Cortex –Anatomy Physiology and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe: Philadelphia: Lippicott-Raven. Fuster, J. M (2002). Frontal lobe and cognitive development: Journal of Neurocytology 31, 373-385. Godefroy. O, Rousseaux, M. (1997). Novel decision making in patients with prefrontal or posterior brain damage. Neurology 49: 695 – 701. Harlow, J. M (1868). â€Å"Recovery after severe injury to the head†: Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society 2: 327- 347. Kolb, B. and Wishaw, I. (1990). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. W. H. Freeman Co, New York. Levin et al. (1987). Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography in relation to the neurobehavioral sequelae of mild and moderate head injuries. Journal of Neurosurgery, 66, 706-713. Luria, A. R (1966). Higher cortical functions in Man: New York. Basic Books. Meyers, C. A, Berman, S. A, Scheibel, R. S, and Hayman, A. (1992). Case Report: Acquired Antisocial Personality Disorder Associated with Unilateral Left Orbital Frontal Lobe Damage: Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 17 (3): 121- 125. Parkins, A. J. (1996). Explorations in Cognitive Neuropsychology. United Kingdom. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Saver, J. L. and Damasio, A. R. (1991). Preserved access and processing of social knowledge in patient with acquired sociopathy due to ventromedial damage. Neuropsychologia 29, 1241 – 1249.

An Effective Teacher Evaluation Includes Questions

An Effective Teacher Evaluation Includes Questions The most effective method for evaluating a teacher effectively is dual, mutual involvement and ongoing collaboration in the evaluation process.  The teacher, being guided by the evaluator, is consulted and involved throughout the evaluation process. When this happens, the evaluation becomes a tool to springboard true growth and ongoing improvement.  Teachers and administrators find authentic value in this type of evaluation process. The biggest drawback is that it is a time-consuming process, but ultimately it proves worth the extra time for many teachers. Many teachers feel like there is often a disconnect in the process because they are not involved enough. A first step in actively involving teachers in the process is to have them answer questions about the teacher evaluation. Doing so before and after the evaluation gets them thinking about the process that naturally makes them more involved. This process also gives both sides some critical talking points when they meet face-to-face as some evaluation systems require the teacher and evaluator to meet before the evaluation takes place and after the completion of the evaluation. Administrators can utilize a short questionnaire designed to get the teacher thinking about their evaluation. The questionnaire can be completed in two parts.  The first part gives the evaluator some prior knowledge before they conduct the evaluation and helps the teacher in the planning process. The second part is reflective in nature for both the administrator and teacher. It serves as a catalyst for growth, improvement, and future planning. The following is an example of some questions you can ask to improve the teacher evaluation process. Pre-Evaluation Questions What steps did you take to prepare for this lesson?Briefly describe the students in this class, including those with special needs.What are your goals for the lesson? What do you want the student to learn?How do you plan to engage students in the content? What will you do? What will the students do?What instructional materials or other resources, if any, will you use?How do you plan to assess student achievement of the goals?How will you close or wrap up the lesson?How do you communicate with the families of your students? How often do you do this?  What types of things do you discuss with them?Discuss your plan for handling student behavior issues should they arise during the lesson.Are there any areas you would like for me to look for (i.e. calling on boys vs. girls) during the evaluation?Explain two areas that you believe are strengths going into this evaluation.Explain two areas that you believe are weaknesses going into this evaluation. Post-Evaluation Questions Did everything go according to plan during the lesson? If so, why do you think it went so smooth. If not, how did you adapt your lesson to handle the surprises?Did you get the learning outcomes you expected from the lesson? Explain.If you could change anything, what would you have done differently?Could you have done anything differently to boost student engagement throughout the lesson?Give me three key takeaways from conducting this lesson. Do these takeaways impact your approach moving forward?What opportunities did you give your students to extend their learning beyond the classroom with this particular lesson?Based on your daily interactions with your students, how do you think they perceive you?How did you assess student learning as you went through the lesson? What did this tell you? Is there anything that you need to spend some additional time on based on the feedback received from these assessments?What goals are you working towards for yourself and your students as you prog ress throughout the school year? How will you utilize what you taught today to make connections with previously taught content as well as future content?After I finished my evaluation and left the classroom, what immediately happened next?Do you feel that this process has made you a better teacher? Explain.

Voting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Voting - Research Paper Example Currently, voting instruction seems to be developed largely by election. Administrators, sometimes in collaboration with election system vendors, sometimes in collaboration with other interested parties. Rarely, and possibly, never, are proposed voting instruction subjected to any type of experimental or field testing before their implementations†. (Voting Instructions) In Europe and USA side Direct Recording Electronic voting machines are use. The DRE’s processes are not all the same everywhere. Each has its own style, and that style has significances for where instructions are needed or not needed. Sometimes, the instructions are inconsistent, don’t consider voters likely mistakes, don’t cover important situations, use words which voters may not know and put the action before the context. While writing the instruction of voting we should always think about the possible ways in which people will misread the instruction from their other experiences. Consider US, its order to register vote for all states. An applicant must be a U.S. citizen, a legal resident of state, and 18 years old on before Election Day. A person who declared mentally incomplete or a person who is serving time in prison does not allow permission to vote. In developed countries, voting registration is the responsibility of the government; either local or nati onal, some form of compulsory voting is required as a part of each citizen’s civil duty. In other countries, if people are eligible to vote must opt in to be allowed to participate in vote, as a rule by filling out a specific form registering them to vote. (Voter Registration Information) Voting is important because its provide an authoritative way to voice our opinions regarding elected leaders and overall policies, voting helps us to decide our own future by electing a person who might muse our own views. If the right to vote no longer existed, the country would no longer survive as

Materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Materials - Essay Example The main differences occur in the mixtures that were made and used in the construction of the structures. For structure A, a water concrete ratio of o.4 has been applied while for structure B, water concrete ratio of 0.45 is applied. Structure B applied a higher ratio of water to cement than structure A. This indicates that structure B will be stronger that structure A. In structure B 8% of silica fume is applied. Silica fume enhances strength and durability to the concrete (Yudelson, Jerry). The concrete used for structure B is, therefore highly durable. For structure A, 30% fly ash was mixed with the cement. This may not add as much durability as compared to the addition of silica fume. For structure A epoxy coated rebar is used at 5% volume for reinforcement while structure B applies black steel rebar at 4%. For reinforcement, we can therefore say that structure A is better than structure B. structure A has used 15.5 liters of inhibitor free while structure B has used 10 liters. T his indicates that structure A is more protected from corrosion effects than structure B. According to the results provided, the cost of both structures will be increasing as time goes on but the rate of increase for structure A will be a bit higher than that of structure B. the results indicate that the location of structure A is more stable than that of structure

Methods of Ordering Essay Example for Free

Methods of Ordering Essay When using the fryer you must be careful because the oil is hot and it may spit. There must always be a sticker above the fryer at average height for a human that reads Warning, danger Hot this sticker is replaced every 6-7 months depending on how clean and clear the writing is. What is it? This is called a flat top grill. Its like a large version of a grill. It has heaters underneath the silver plate which heat up the plate, so that bacon and eggs can be cooked on it, the spatula in the bottom left hand corner of the picture helps the chef to get the food of the plate. How do you clean it? When cleaning it you have to use a special cleaning product called D12, this is special because it helps to get the fat and grease of the plate and also if some of the chemicals get underneath the plate it wont ruin the heater. You must wait at least 12 hours until you can use the grill again, this is just in case there is still cleaning fluid on the plate which could be transferred on the food. Is it serviced? Again its the same as the pot wash and the fryer. Its checked every 6-12 months, however if this brakes down then its not as critical as the others the chefs can cook it in a frying pan. It may be less healthy than using the silver plate, but this is simplest way if its broke. Health and Safety? If you are using this then you must beware the silver plate gets hot. Its the same as fryer there is a warning sticker which says Hot Beware. You must remember when putting food on to the plate that you dont over stack it otherwise the it smokes a lot and the plate automatically turns the heat up which mean it can overload the plate with too much food. What is it? This piece of equipment is called a pot wash. All your have to do it rinse the dirty dished and plates stack them in a blue create, then lift up the sliver handle and slide in the crate once this is done pull the handle back down and the pot wash will wash it depending on the setting that you set it on. How do you clean it? Cleaning this piece of equipment can take up to 48 hours depending on how many times you use it a week. Firstly you have to take out the wash blade and take them apart, by unscrewing the screw in the middle, and place them in a bowl of hot soapy water for 12-24 hours. The valves and drain link need to be unattached and socked in anti bacterial liquid for 24 hours. Finally there are blue crates which are mainly self cleaned my water and liquid soap. Is it serviced? The pot wash needs to be serviced every 6 12 months if there is anything wrong with the pot wash it need to be repaired quickly as if its broke it can not be used until fixed meaning that service of the food may slow down as all dishes have to be hand cleaned. Health and Safety? If you are using a pot wash you must remember to stack all cutlery and dishes upside down and in a neat way. Dishes cant be stacked on top of each other as the blades may get jammed. If you are cleaning the cutlery then you need to do it all at once with no other dishes or bowls. The childrens menu is colourful and bright to interest the young children. The layout of the menu is appealing to the correct age range. The food is well priced on the childrens menu. The puddings on the childrens menu are well sized, also their choose is very child friendly. The inside of the childrens menu is coulorful and has pictures of some of the food. The vegtable chance is very useful to the children as it has picture of the vegatables in the right hand cornor. However some of the portion sizes are quite big for a child, I also noticed that there was mainly chips with every meal and not just in the childrens menu. As well on the childrens menu there is starters and I think that children under the age of 12 dont need starters, because the starters size would fill them up. Finally, as an overall view of the childrens menu I think that the food has a good balance of healthy foods, It has a colourful and funky look as an overall menu. The main menu is more sacfistercated for the older customers such as teenagers, adults and OAPs. The front of the menu has a picture of an appetizing picture of a plate of steak and chips. Below this there are 4 smaller boxes which have different offers such as: Golden Greats, Curry club, Sunday roast and homemade specials. On the back of the menu there is puddings menu and this consists of individual puddings, hot and cold, also there are sweet sharers which are large puddings which you can share they also do a selection of hot drinks. Finally on the back they have bigger boxes explaining the offers in more detail. The inside of the menu is set up well because each section has its own box. They have mega meals which are extra large meals which just have more on than your average meal. They have salads and sides which your can be ordered as an extra. Storage space: At the three crowns and sugar loaf they have two different sections for storing food a wet cupboard and a dry cupboard. The dry area is for crisps, nuts, food in packets that you find on a bar and they do keep some for the dry kitchen food. The wet area is for the drinks, such as fruit shots, alcohol, cans of pop, J20s and water. They have got other storage places they have two fridges and a freezer, one fridge is a walk in fridge where you can get your food, and the other fridge is a normal fridge which only holds cooked or uncooked meat there are two separate compartments for the meats that are cooked and uncooked. The freezer is outside and is for frozen meat and other frozen goods. Methods of Ordering: The manager will order all the stock they need on the Tuesday online and it will be delivered on the Thursday, Its all done on the internet to make it easier and less paper work, also it is quicker. Ordering on the internet is a bit like online shopping you login with the certain user name and password, then you get to pick what foods you need and how much off it. The company that the pub uses are Churchill china, Marstons, Blakemore and PH Snacks direct. At the 3 crown and sugar loaf they have to follow certain safety procedures and regulations. They have to have clear posters of accident and emergency procedures; they have to have fire drills and large posters telling people where the fire exits are. Also above the fire exits they have to have a green light in case the electric goes out and the customers can still find the exits. In the kitchen they have to have fire extinguishers and fire blankets these have to been placed in an easy to access place. The pot wash has a area which is for dirty dishes and place, no one is allowed to bring glasses in to the kitchen they have to be taken to the bar and they are put in a separate dishwasher, this is to insure that people dont cut themselves and also glass has to be put on to a different wash because otherwise it will crack the glass. The posters have to be clean and be read able, the warning signs need to be replaced every six months to insure that they dont fall off the wall or they dont get dirty. All the knifes are covered in a well fitting plastic cover and placed in a container. Knifes have a separate wash because they could get jammed in the machinery, also no one is allowed to hand wash them because you may cut your self, and if the knifes were hand washed they would have to be done in D12 formula which could mean painful if you cut yourself and hand your hand in D12 solution. The chopping boards are in 3 different cupboards red, white, green. They are in different cupboards to stop cross contamination, from the meat and the vegetables. The pub have special cleaning products which are stronger than household cleaner, They will clean the surface and get rid of nay bacteria or bugs. The cleaning products are stored by the door in the kitchen, They have signs that warn people that they are toxin and dangerous. First aid is a high priority in a kitchen because if someone is cooking then there is a high risk off being injuries mostly minor injuries, however there has been some cases where people have seriously burnt there arm therefore everyone in the kitchen should know at least basic first aid. Monday 8th June 2009 Today, I used the pot washer, which was a hose which was over a large sink. Then you have to stack the plates and dishes in a crate, and push it into a large grey box, and push the lid down and press the go button and it cleans the dishes on a certain setting. I also learnt how to lay the tables, and that each customer must have a napkin, knife and folk and that each table must have a bottle of salt, pepper and vinegar. If the customer has ordered a steak then they have a steak knife. In the kitchen there were several metal rail which were next to a machine which transferred the orders from the bar to the kitchen. I had to take the ticket from the machine and slot it in to the metal rail. Tuesday 9th June 2009 Today the head chef, Helen let me chop the tomatoes and lemons in to sixes. Then Scott showed me how to cut the lettuces. Then I helped to waitress for a while and then Denise asked me to start on the puddings, There are several different puddings and each one has custard or ice cream, each pudding has its individual time in the microwave. Finally the stock was meant to have arrived to day however it failed to turned up because of the internet connection failure. Wednesday 10th June 2009 Today I laid the tables with the menus and cleaned down the tables. Later on I had to chop two crates of tomatoes in to slices, wedges and halves. I then chopped pepper, lemons, cucumber and a bucket full of lettuce. For the rest of the day I was on the mains station which is where they prepare all the mains and starters. I also helped waitress with Scott. Thursday 11th June 2009 Today I was on mains again and starters, I was allowed to help make the sandwiches but only for a while because the sandwich station is in the middle of the kitchen and I wasnt quicker enough for the orders coming in. Later on I went into the main seating area and collected the empty glasses and wiped down the table, I also laid the tables in the morning. Friday 12th June 2009 Today I went on to the Puddings station, I had to work quickly because the orders fro pudding were quick and a lot of people were sat outside in the sun and wanted ice cream. I put the menus out again in the morning and was on the pot was for half of hour because today was very busy and the dirty plates and dishes were getting stacked up. Name: Helen Green Do you enjoy working her? Why? Yes, I do enjoy working her it is fun and the other members of the team are all very friendly. I enjoy working here because the hours are good and I enjoy the adrenaline cooking give me. Is it safe? Yes, as you know all the staff are first aid trained in case of an emergency and we check that the first aid case if full with the correct equipment every week. Is the food that you cook healthy? We try and make it as healthy as we can, however if we are busy then cooking it the healthier way does take longer and means that the customers have to wait, however we would always try and keep to the healthiest possible way of cooking our food. Is the food safe to eat? Yes, all are products that we cook with are very safe and all the chefs are trained to cook the food correctly. The meat is also safe to eat as we check the temperate of food before we give to the customers Do you have any dislikes about the pub? Yes , Only one thought I would like the kitchen to be bigger because as you know we have a lot of members of staff due to the high amount of customers, and it can get very hot in the kitchen and also can get a bit over crowned. Why are the childrens meals such big portions? Well we are looking I to the childrens menu portion sizes, due to complaints from the customers. We have written to Marstons HQ about changing the menu. Although if it was my decision I would defiantly have smaller portion sizes. Do all the plates of food, stay within the movement guidelines? All the menus are created by Marstons HQ, and I believe that they keep to the RDA for the customers.

Anti-Nepotism and the Loss of Privacy :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Anti-Nepotism and the Loss of Privacy Introduction When employees bring their personal problems to work and it affects their performance or the performance of others, clearly you can coach, counsel, warn, and ultimately terminate their employment. In cases where employees did not cause a problem at work but were fired merely because of an anti-nepotism policy, courts in some states found the employees had been discriminated against on the basis of marital status. Such policies penalize employees who are married, as compared to unmarried employees whose relationships are equally intimate. Currently, thirty-eight (38) states prohibit marital status discrimination. Having a more general policy prohibiting employees who co-habit from working in the same area would not violate marital status laws, but could be considered an invasion of common law privacy, which is recognized in most states (Risser 1997). In my paper, I will address the issue of anti-nepotism, and invasion of common law privacy. What business is it of the organization if p eople co-habit? How are employers supposed to know who is living together? The prohibition against invasion of privacy by the government is enforced, yet anti-nepotism policies seem to supercede even those more strictly. Anti-Nepotism What is Nepotism? Nepotism comes about whenever an employee makes decisions affecting a close relative or domestic partner. Included in these decisions are those that pertain to "hiring, appointment, reappointment, classification, reclassification, evaluation, promotion, transfer, discipline, supervision, or pay increases". According to the King County Board of Ethics, nepotism is a conflict of interest based on familial relationship or domestic partnership, and is inconsistent with the basic principles of ethics (Edwards 1998). The practice of nepotism is said to be inconsistent in instances that require impartial decision-making and attempts to ensure that private interest or personal benefit does not override the public’s interest. In addition, nepotism creates situations that appear of improper influence or favor. As such, anti-nepotism policies have been written to protect public organizations from adverse lawsuits. There are many discriminatory clauses of anti-nepotism policies, as they pertain to individual lifestyle and privacy. Although an anti-nepotism policy does not expressly discriminate against an applicant based on the condition of being married or unmarried, it may exclude a person because of the particular identity of his or her spouse. Whether spousal identity – as opposed to marital status per se — is a prohibited basis for discrimination is an unanswered question under many discrimination laws

In Support of Liberalism In Harry Potter Essay

In the series of books written about Harry Potter by J. K. Rowling, liberalism and civil rights are a major point of concern. In the early books, there are allusions to the idea that different types of people, wizards, should be treated differently. There are direct corollaries between the Harry Potter books and the 1960s civil rights movement, as well as the current fight for gay rights. Each subject concerns discrimination: individual rights that should be protected by law and the ongoing fight to ensure those rights. â€Å"To discriminate means to treat a person or a group of people badly because of who they are† (Graf). Harry Potter went through an extreme shift in civil rights; from all individuals having the same protection to a severely prejudicial and suppressed society and back again. Changes in civil rights are not generally so extreme, usually being more evolutionary, yet the concept of equality under the law relates to the real-world’s ongoing battle for individual freedom. The second book of the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, introduced the reader to house elves. Severely suppressed and controlled, this faction of the wizarding world had no rights and many responsibilities. Dobby is a house elf owned by the Malfoy family and they treated him like with obvious scorn and prejudice. Dobby was a slave to the Malfoy’s, not even allowed articles of clothing to wear, and beaten and abused. This is similar to the condition of black slaves in the United States through the civil war. Even granting African-Americans their freedom did not change the public’s perception that their race was less than Caucasians. Dobby’s situation was even more pronounced as he was compelled to punish himself whenever he believed he did something wrong or broke his master’s rules. When Dobby gains his freedom through Harry’s slight of hand, Lucius Malfoy is angry because he had lost something he viewed to be property. The introduction of Winky in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire paints a different picture of house elves. She is proud to serve her master and obeys his every command. When she is punished and given clothes, thereby releasing her from her master, she is shamed and feels as though she had failed. Her depression becomes so severe that she takes to drinking copious quantities of butter beer to ease her mind. By contrast, Dobby is happy to be free and wears his clothes proudly. Yet his quest to find work is challenging because of the wizarding world’s opinion of house elves and their ranking in the social hierarchy. Dobby is demanding to be paid for his services rather than doing it out of obligation or duty. Finding work at Hogwarts was his only viable option as Dumbledore was the only person willing to meet Dobby’s request, and recognize house elves as significant. Hermione’s efforts to obtain freedom for house elves, the House Elf Liberation Front, are futile because house elves, with the exception of Dobby, are content with their position in society and do not view themselves as equals. They are servants, duty-bound to serve one master for their entire lives. Another prominent issue in the Harry Potter books was the idea that muggles, or non-magical people, were less than wizards, and wizards born from muggle families were inferior to those descending from wizards. The issue is first raised when the character of Draco Malfoy is introduced in the first book. He states that some wizarding families were better than others and condemns the Weasley family because his father condemns the Weasley family based on Arthur Weasley’s affection and approval of muggles. The Malfoys believe that muggle-borns are insignificant and treat Hermione with great prejudice because of her muggle heritage. Draco calls her a â€Å"mudblood,† a great insult to wizards of muggle families. Even Professor Slughorn admits to surprise that muggle-born wizards are so adept at magic though he claims to have no prejudice. He does not treat them unfairly but he does have different expectations from them. The entire basis for Voldemort’s play for power was the concept that muggle-borns and half-bloods were inferior to pure-bloods. Vodemort himself is descended from a muggle father, yet he denies this connection. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Vodemort’s objective becomes glaringly obvious. Muggles are murdered without concern and made to be subject to the wizards in control. Any wizard of muggle ancestry was prosecuted and imprisoned for stealing magic from wizards. Harry’s blatant opposition to this viewpoint places him in great risk as he continually defies the new order and their oppression. The reason for the wizarding war was to prevent an entire class of people from being enslaved and reclassified as less than human. Harry’s parents also fought for individual freedom and defied Voldemort, which lead to their death. Harry’s success in this arena was a victory for equality, freedom and individual rights. Harry Potter’s battle to maintain equality and stamp out prejudice and bigotry enforced by law ties into the 1960s civil rights movement and the fight for gay rights that is not being waged in America. Entire groups of people are being discriminated against, not for anything they did but for who they are. â€Å"On trains and buses, in schools and restaurants, and even in public bathrooms, blacks were kept apart from whites. Some laws made it illegal for blacks and whites to shake hands or play checkers† (Graf). African Americans were targeted because of the color of their skin and homosexuals due to their sexual orientation, neither of which a person has the ability to control. Discrimination is becoming more and more intolerable as civil rights groups gain ground in obtaining equality. Civil rights and the subject of liberalism are issues very close to me that I feel very passionate about. Growing up, my mother told me a story of her first trip to Washington State to meet friends of my father. They were in a grocery store and an American Indian family came in to buy some ground meat. Even though they had the money for the fresh meat in the case, they were not allowed to purchase it. The store would only sell them the meat that had turned green because the store owner did not view American Indians as equal under the law. My mother protested and had to be dragged out of the store. The others in her group did nothing. My mom was only seventeen, yet she recognized discrimination when she saw it. As a child, I lived in a very white town, there were no Asians or African Americans and a handful of Hispanics. When I was nine, a man knocked on our front door. I looked up, seeing him through the glass, and screamed. It was the first black person I had ever seen. I embarrassed myself, but moreover, I humiliated him, a nice man who mere wanted to know if my father was interested in selling his car. Being that segregated in not common in today’s society. In my eighth grade graduation, I walked down the aisle with the only black member of my graduating class and my father felt ashamed because of the town’s perception of African Americans. Even my church, a place of acceptance and equality, treated a black singer so differently that he stopped coming to church. The town was prejudice and I felt embarrassed to live there, believing that by doing so, I supported their beliefs. As I grew older, I worked to support the rights of minorities and those groups that society treated differently, giving to their causes, raising money and awareness and voting for measures that would protect them. I felt that it was my obligation to society to try to end intolerance when my father had raised me to believe in it. The Harry Potter series serves as a direct reminder of what kind of world societal intolerance can take by showing giant steps backwards in personal freedom and liberty. Voldemort and his Death Eaters attempted to obtain control for the sake of control and used discrimination and oppression to achieve it. Heterosexual Caucasians have been using this method for centuries to maintain the status quo and quell change. Worst of all is the oppressed group’s own perception of themselves. Like house elves, African Americans and homosexuals are not accustomed to being treated fairly and that concept has to change (Yoshino). People â€Å"will soon be forced to acknowledge that it is not gay behavior, but antigay attitudes, that need to be adjusted† (Yoshino). What is important to remember is that the fight for equality is ongoing: that it is imperative for all races of people â€Å"to do something about the personal and institutional racism that still exists in our church and society† (Schlumpf ). Liberalism is growing in many areas and these books demonstrate exactly what this movement can achieve – individual rights, personal freedom and the practice of treating each individual as equal under the law.

In Cold Blood Analysis

Mandeep Kaur Analysis 3B The film Capote is based on the novel In Cold Blood about the murder of the Clutter family. The novel does in the depth about the charters and the plot but the movie leaves out many important details to leave the viewer’s wondering why something happened. Capote focuses on the text and characterization In Cold Blood, as the film Capote challenges the characterization of Perry Smith and Dick Hickock. Perry Smith was described in the novel with crucial details as in the film they skip the introductory details.Perry grew up under difficult circumstances as stated in the book â€Å"six of us riding in an old truck, sleeping in it, too, sometimes, and living off of mush and Hershey kisses and condensed milk. † (131) The film doesn’t’ tell Perry’s upbringing but instead skips to after the murder and his struggle to be free. Being abandoned by his family he went through many traumatic experiences and suffered severe abuse, â€Å"t here was this one nurse†¦ she'd fill a tub with ice-cold water, put me in it, and hold me under till I was blue.Nearly drowned. † (128) Smith later develops a lifelong aversion to which is written in the novel but in the film is not acted out which leaves the audience to wonder why he acts the way he does. The novel portrays Perry’s reoccurring dream about a large bird that saves him from bullies and abusers, â€Å"felt all breath and light leaving me,' he said, in a subsequent description of his sensations. â€Å"The walls of the cell fell away, the sky came down, and I saw the big yellow bird. †(257).While in jail the film shows Perry having a hard time sleeping but ne He is described as a small, muscular man whose body is unique and unproportional â€Å"†¦who could never find trousers to fit his truncated lower half, who wore blue jeans rolled up at the bottom and a leather windbreaker. † (32). Perry never passed the third grade but as an adu lt he has an incredible thirst for knowledge, vocabulary, and literature. His desire to be educated is well portray in the film when Capote gives him laws books to read ad he starts to learn that he may be able to escape death.In the book the author only hints around to his innovation to learn. This characters leaves a first impression that he is calm and gentle, but we later come to know that he is the more brutal of the two murders as we read in the novel, â€Å"'But a nigger,' said Perry. ‘That's different. ‘† (105) When Perry is quoted saying the killed a person for no apparent reason, he is portrayed as a cold hearted killer. The film focuses on only the Clutter murder and not the pervious murder that Smith has committed as we have read in the novel.Dick Hickock, motivated by carnal impulses such as lust, greed, and vanity, was the other murder of the Clutter family. He was described as the master mind and instigator of the murders in the novel. One of his pr ison friends had told him about the Clutter ranch and immediately Dick was drawn to what he called a â€Å"big score†, this was stated in the novel and not in the film Being told that there was a teenage girl living at the Clutter residence names, Nancy, he was further motivated by that fact as well, â€Å"Before I ever went to their house I knew there would be a girl there.I think the main reason I went there was not to rob them but to rape the girl. Because I thought a lot about it. That is one reason why I never wanted to turn back when we started to. † (270) In the film while interviewing with Capote, Perry admits that Dick was intending to rape Nancy. While reading the novel, the author hints around the idea of Dick having sexual desires for the innocent teenager. After the murders had happened Dick shows no remorse or interest in discussing the crime, he remains focused on finding a place to live, stealing, getting money and women.Once the murder had taken place Dick goes back home and acts like nothing ever happened, â€Å"Dick was consuming a Sunday dinner. The others at the table†¦ where not conscious of anything uncommon in his manner† (72) The film never gave background information on what Dick did or felt like when he killed the Clutter family. As described in the novel Dick is educated very street smart, athletic and charming, â€Å"Basketball! Baseball! Football! Dick was always the star player. A pretty good student, too, with A marks in several subjects. (158) The books goes into depth of his education and his sports career but the film leaves it out to give a sense the Hickock was uneducated and a slum. As stated in the book he is able to con shop owners and vulnerable women out of money and property. By conning shop owners is how the two murders were caught. In the film the show the capture of the two, but doesn’t show how or when. Challenging the characterization of Perry Smith and Dick Hickock, the film Cap ote leaves out many descriptive details of the characters and the plot, while the novel In Cold Blood goes above and beyond to explain the characters.

Mass Incarceration in the United Kingdom The WritePass Journal

Mass Incarceration in the United Kingdom WRITEPASS SOCIAL SCIENCE DISSERTATION CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING Mass Incarceration in the United Kingdom ).   The increased need for spaces due to higher rate of imprisonment   led to the emergence of the prison-industrial complex, whereby people were incarcerated without a mechanism for reintegrating them back to the society. Prisons became contracted out, and the influence of the government was reduced. As Panchamia (2012) concludes, ten percent of the prisons in the United Kingdom and Wales are currently contracted out. Davis (1998: 3) states: â€Å"while government-run prisons are often in gross violation of international human rights standards, private prisons are even less accountable†. The emergence of these prison-industrial complexes is attributed to the criminological theory, hinged on the conflict theory, arguing that t there is a   struggle between different groups (Akers 1979: 527).Crime is perceived as a function of the conflict within any society based on Marxist theory, calming  Ã‚   that social and economic situations facilitate criminal activities. This paper argues that the emergence of the prison-industrial complex in England and Wales was attributed to mass incarceration, the lack of effective social policy, and early interventions. Mass Incarceration Mass incarceration is characterized by the removal of people from communities and taking them to   prisons.   (Newburn 2002: 165). Sparks and McNeill (2009) define mass incarceration as restricting the freedom of a group of people, subjecting them to surveillance and regulation, while increasing their dependency.   According to a recent publication by Wacquant (2001), the plain aim of prison complexes and mass incarceration is to segregate people. The author goes further, and compares prisons with Ghettos. Focusing in the American context, the article highlights the impact of class segregation on the demographics of prison population. The above argument is powerful, as both prisons and ghettos are considered to be places extremely hard to escape from. The main aim of mass incarceration is to remove the criminal from the neighbourhood to ensure that they are detained. Often this priority means that prisoners are denied rehabilitative facilities (Harnett 2011: 7). As an implicati on,   prisons become areas for punitive segregation, for the criminals who must be removed from the society. Therefore, most of these prisons are detention centres where people enter   a perpetual cycle of incarceration for crimes committed because of their economic need. Davis (1998) states that prisons are not providing adequate solution for crime or social issues. The author goes further, claiming that prisons reflect that racial bias and social injustice of the society. Studying American prison population, the author states that â€Å"the political economy of prisons relies on racialized assumptions of criminality – such as images of black welfare mothers reproducing criminal children and on racist practices in arrest, conviction, and sentencing patterns† (Davis 1998: 2).   The defining features of mass incarceration are that it is characterized by comparatively high number of people in prisons. In Reagan’s United States prosecution patterns and conviction rates increased the proportionate representation of   African Americans and Hispanics,   as well as those from lower socio-economic statuses (Wacquant 2010, p. 74). This was during the New Deal and Great Society, which contributed a lot towards   the increasing tren d of   mass incarcerations, and the adoption of the prison-industrial complex system that emphasized governance through punitive acts (Downes 2001, p. 62). At the advent of economic reforms introduced by Britain’s Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, the rising rate of unemployment hit   the working class the most. With the   labour market in crisis,  Ã‚   urban areas had to bear the burden of   the high proportion of lower class and unemployed population. As social issues increased, the government resorted to the creation of a prison-industrial complex, to deal with the people that suffered most (Wehr 2015, p. 6). The newly created prison-industrial complex that emphasized mass incarceration was based on cultural bias and social injustice (Sparks and McNeill, 2009). These institutions symbolised thee society’s thoughts and prejudice,   suggesting that the degradation of a person may be a way to solve the social conflict. As a result, the British   society started to increasingly rely on   criminological theories to support mass incarceration of the lower classes, whereby the prison-industrial complexes become a large enterprise for the state. Democracy, Inclusion and Social Policy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is worth noting that mass incarceration in England and Wales led to the economic and social exclusion of people within the prisons. This segregation and incarceration endangered democracy (Sparks and McNeill, 2009). In line with the conflict criminological theory, mass incarceration of offenders who mostly belong to a particular race or class enhanced the structures of oppression and privilege (Van 2007, p. 189). This occurred when mass incarceration gave undue advantage to one group as opposed to another. Today, both in the United States and the United Kingdom, it is   evident that   people of colour or lower classes are disproportionally overrepresented within the prison-industrial complex. While the mass prison complex created privilege to higher classes, it created a situation whereby the victims were stigmatized, criminalized, and did not enjoy the privileges of democracy and inclusion. The economic and social drivers of mass i ncarceration are explained by Downes (2006), who confirms that there is an inverse relationship between a state’s spending on welfare and imprisonment rates. Mass incarceration also hindered democracy by preventing means through which people could share ideas or communication (Young 2000, p. 208). An incarcerated person experienced political disempowerment and a lack of influence, power, while he became extremely dependent on the prison complex (Travis 2002, p. 19).   Despite several attempts of inclusion, provision for rehabilitation, training, and work opportunities,   current social policies   have not been successful in reinstating the equal representation of lower classes, and the mass incarceration continues. (Reiman 2004, p. 5). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The above review of publications and research studies, it is evident that the conflict theory accurately explains the emergence of mass incarceration during the reign of Thatcher in the United Kingdom, and Reagan in the United States. Historically, the upper class, that was more advantaged socially, economically and politically created laws and policies that increasingly criminalized the less powerful, creating a policy of segregation. Increased incarceration within the prison-industrial complex removed people who were not wanted. Apart from enhancing exclusion and stifling democracy, it helped the powerful class to maintain its influence, wealth and position within the society. Bibliography Akers, R.L., 1979. Theory and ideology in Marxist criminology.  Criminology,  16(4), pp.527- Davis, A. (1998). Masked racism: Reflections on the prison industrial complex.  Color   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lines,  1(2), 11-13. Downes, D., 2001. The Macho Penal Economy Mass Incarceration in the United States-A European Perspective.  Punishment Society,  3(1), pp.61-80. Downes, D. (2006). Welfare and punishment The relationship between welfare spending and   Ã‚  Ã‚   imprisonment. Hartnett, S. J. 2011.  Challenging the prison-industrial complex: activism, arts, and educational alternatives. Urbana, University of Illinois Press. Newburn, T. 2002. Atlantic crossings: ‘Policy transfer’ and crime control in the USA and Britain.  Punishment Society,  4(2), pp. 165-194. Panchamia, N., 2012. Competition in prisons.  Institute for Government,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Instituteforgovernment. org. uk/sites/default/files/publications/Prisons,  2. Reiman, J. H. 2004.  The rich get richer and the poor get prison: ideology, class, and criminal   justice. Boston, Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Sparks, R. and McNeill, F., 2009. Incarceration, social control and human rights. THE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY Project on Social   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Control and Human Rights Travis, J. 2002.  Invisible Punishment: An Instrument of Social Exclusion (From Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, P 15-36, 2002, Marc Mauer and Meda Chesney-Lind, eds.). Van der Linden, H. 2007.  Democracy, racism and prisons. Charlottesville, Va, Philosophy Documentation Center. Wacquant, L., 2010. Class, race hyperincarceration in revanchist America.  Daedalus,  139(3), pp.74-90. Wacquant, L., 2001. Deadly symbiosis: When ghetto and prison meet and mesh.  Punishment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Society,  3(1), pp.95-133. Wehr, K. 2015.  Beyond the prison industrial complex: crime and incarceration in the 21st century. [Place of publication not identified], Routledge. Young, I. M. 2000.  Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

The History and Domestication of Bananas

The History and Domestication of Bananas Bananas (Musa spp) are a tropical crop, and a staple in the wet tropic areas of Africa, the Americas, mainland and island Southeast Asia, South Asia, Melanesia and the Pacific islands. Perhaps 87% of the total bananas consumed worldwide today are locally consumed; the rest is distributed outside of the wet tropical regions in which they are grown. Today there are hundreds of fully domesticated banana varieties, and an uncertain number are still in various stages of domestication: that is to say, they still are inter-fertile with wild populations. Bananas are basically giant herbs, rather than trees, and there are approximately 50 species in the Musa genus, which includes the edible forms of bananas and plantains. The genus is split into four or five sections, based on the number of chromosomes in the plant, and the region where they are found. Furthermore, over a thousand different types of cultivars of bananas and plantains are recognized today. The different varieties are characterized by wide differences in peel color and thickness, flavor, fruit size, and resistance to disease. The bright yellow one found most frequently in western markets is called the Cavendish. Cultivating Bananas Bananas produce vegetative suckers at the base of the plant which can be removed and planted separately. Bananas are planted at a typical density of between 1500-2500 plants per square hectare. Between 9-14 months after planting, each plant produces some 20-40 kilograms of fruit. After the harvest, the plant is cut down, and one sucker is allowed to grow up to produce the next crop. Banana Phytoliths The evolution of bananas are difficult to study archaeologically, and so the domestication history was unknowable until recently. Banana pollen, seeds, and pseudostem impressions are quite rare or absent at archaeological sites, and much of the recent research has been focused on the relatively new technologies associated with opal phytoliths- basically silicon copies of cells created by the plant itself. Banana phytoliths are uniquely shaped: they are volcaniform, shaped like little volcanoes with a flat crater at the top. There are differences in the phytoliths between varieties of bananas, but variations between wild and domesticated versions are not as yet definitive, so additional forms of research need to be used to fully understand banana domestication. Genetics and Linguistics Genetics and linguistic studies also help in understanding banana history. Diploid and triploid forms of bananas have been identified, and their distribution throughout the world is a key piece of evidence. In addition, linguistic studies of local terms for bananas support the notion of the spread of the banana away from its point of origin: island southeast Asia. Exploitation of early wild forms of bananas has been noted at the Beli-Lena site of Sri Lanka by c 11,500-13,500 BP, Gua Chwawas in Malaysia by 10,700 BP, and Poyang Lake, China by 11,500 BP. Kuk Swamp, in Papua New Guinea, so far the earliest unequivocal evidence for banana cultivation, had wild bananas there throughout the Holocene, and banana phytoliths are associated with the earliest human occupations at Kuk Swamp, between ~10,220-9910 cal BP. Todays Hybridized Bananas Bananas have been cultivated and hybridized a number of times over several thousand years, so well concentrate on the original domestication, and leave the hybridization to botanists. All edible bananas today are hybridized from  Musa acuminata  (diploid) or  M. acuminata  crossed with  M. balbisiana  (triploid). Today,  M. acuminata  is found throughout mainland and island southeast Asia including the eastern half of the Indian subcontinent;  M. balbisiana  is mostly found in mainland Southeast Asia. Genetic changes from  M. acuminata  created by the domestication process include the suppression of seeds and the development of parthenocarpy: the ability of humans to create a new crop without the need for fertilization. Bananas Across the World Archaeological evidence from the  Kuk Swamp  of the highlands of New Guinea indicates that bananas were deliberately planted by at least as long ago as 5000-4490 BC (6950-6440 cal BP). Additional evidence indicates that  Musa acuminata  ssp  banksii  F. Muell was dispersed out of New Guinea and introduced into eastern Africa by ~3000 BC (Munsa and Nkang), and into South Asia (the Harappan site of Kot Diji) by 2500 cal BC, and probably earlier. The earliest banana evidence found in Africa is from  Munsa, a site in Uganda dated to 3220 cal BC, although there are problems with the stratigraphy and chronology. The earliest well-supported evidence is at Nkang, a site located in southern Cameroon, which contained banana phytoliths dated between 2,750 to 2,100 BP. Like  coconuts, bananas were most widely spread as a result of the sea exploration of the Pacific by Lapita peoples ca 3000 BP, of extensive trade voyages throughout the Indian Ocean by Arab traders, and of exploration of the Americas by Europeans. Sources Ball T, Vrydaghs L, Van Den Hauwe I, Manwaring J, and De Langhe E. 2006.  Differentiating banana phytoliths: wild and edible Musa acuminata and Musa Journal of Archaeological Science 33(9):1228-1236.balbisiana.   De Langhe E, Vrydaghs L, de Maret P, Perrier X, and Denham T. 2009. Why Bananas Matter: An introduction to the history of banana domestication.  Ethnobotany Research Applications  7:165-177. Open Access Denham T, Fullagar R, and Head L. 2009.  Plant exploitation on Sahul: From   Quaternary International  202(1-2):29-40.colonisation to the emergence of regional specialisation during the Holocene. Denham TP, Harberle SG, Lentfer C, Fullagar R, Field J, Therin M, Porch N, and Winsborough B. 2003.  Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea.  Science  301(5630):189-193. Donohue M, and Denham T. 2009.  Banana (Musa spp.) Domestication in the Asia-Pacific Region: Linguistic and archaeobotanical perspectives.  Ethnobotany Research Applications  7:293-332. Open Access Heslop-Harrison JS, and Schwarzacher T. 2007.  Domestication, Genomics and the Future for Banana.  Annals of Botany  100(5):1073-1084. Lejju BJ, Robertshaw P, and Taylor D. 2006.  Africas earliest bananas?  Journal of Archaeological Science  33(1):102-113. Pearsall DM. 2008.  Plant . In: Pearsall DM, editor.  Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 1822-1842.domestication Perrier X, De Langhe E, Donohue M, Lentfer C, Vrydaghs L, Bakry F, Carreel F, Hippolyte I, Horry J-P, Jenny C et al. 2011.  Multidisciplinary perspectives on banana (Musa spp.) domestication.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  Early Edition.

A Letter to Dean Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Letter to Dean - Personal Statement Example This disoriented me making me to lose track of my studies. Time flew and before I knew it, examinations approached before I was adequately prepared. I am sure that this unpreparedness played a big role in my poor performance and I regret having misplaced my priorities by having secondary interests. Lack of enough credits partly translated into my GPA falling short of 2.0. The other reason why my GPA fell below 2.0 was that I failed to consult with my professors about my failing grades. I shied away from asking my professors for guidance because I was afraid that they might not listen to me. I regret that I relied on the stories I had form my friends that some professors are unfriendly and today I am positive that had I talked to them, I would have saved my failing grades. I also attribute my poor performance to my failure to consult with my academic advisor because I contacted him when it was a bit too late. I mismanaged my time by prioritizing things that were not helpful to my studies and the company I kept did not make it any better. This flawed prioritization made me to spend very little time in the library and to get to class late. Somehow, I was not aware of how much I had lost track of my studies even when the indicators were so obvious. However, this one year of suspension from college has taught me important lessons that will help me improve when you reinstate me. I have learnt to take responsibility for my mistakes and this is what has given me confidence to write to you appealing to be reinstated. I approached my academic advisor and he advised me to take more credits from other schools in order to help raise my credits and GPA. Acting on this advice, I enrolled into Westwood College where I earned twelve credits. It was disheartening to learn, later, from my advisor that these credits could not be counted. The difficulty that I have encountered looking for a school has taught me how wrong I was taking for granted the chance to